Author/Editor		von Haehling, Stephan; Schefold, Joerg C; Lainščak, Mitja; Doehner, Wilfram; Anker, Stefan D
Title		Inflammatory biomarkers in heart failure revisited: much more than innocent bystanders
Type		članek
Source		Heart Fail Clin
Vol. and No.		Letnik 5, št. 4
Publication year		2009
Volume		str. 549-60
Language		eng
Abstract		Chronic heart failure is viewed as a state of chronic inflammation. Many inflammatory markers have been shown to be up-regulated in patients who have this condition, but the markers' roles in clinical decision making have not yet been fully elucidated. A panel of biomarkers is likely to have a strong impact on patient management. Inflammatory biomarkers are interesting candidates that could answer specific clinical questions on their own or complement a multi-marker approach. This article provides a broad overview of several inflammatory biomarkers, including the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1, IL-18, and the soluble receptors TNFR-1, TNFR-2, IL-6R, and gp130. In addition to these acute phase reactants, several adhesion molecules, and lipopolysaccharide-signaling pathways are discussed.
Descriptors		HEART FAILURE, CONGESTIVE BIOLOGICAL MARKERS INFLAMMATION CYTOKINES TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR C-REACTIVE PROTEIN ACUTE-PHASE PROTEINS P-SELECTIN LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES INTERLEUKIN-6