Author/Editor		Kukec, Andreja; Krainer, Aleš; Dovjak, Mateja
Title		Možni negativni vplivi prekomerne vlažnosti notranjega okolja v stavbah na zdravje uporabnikov
Translated title		Posiblle adverse effects of building dampness on occupants' health
Type		članek
Vol. and No.		, št. 64
Publication year		2015
Volume		str. 37-47
Language		slv
Abstract		Prekomerno vlažnost notranjega okolja v stavbah (tj. vlažnost konstrukcijskih sklopov in/ali notranjega zraka) uvrščamo med pomembne fizikalne dejavnike tveganja za zdravje. Rezultati številnih raziskav kažejo, da ima 18 % stavb v Evropi in 50 % stavb v Ameriki težave s prekomerno vlažnostjo. Namen članka je preučiti problem prekomerne vlažnosti stavb z gradbenotehničnega in javnozdravstvenega vidika. Na osnovi opredeljenih dejavnikov tveganja, ki vplivajo na pojav prekomerne vlažnosti v stavbah, njihovega medsebojnega vpliva ter vpliva na zdravje ljudi smo pripravili priporočila za obvladovanje in preprečevanje problematike. Sistematični pregled literature smo opravili v bibliografskih bazah Science Direct in PubMed Central v obdobju od 2003 do maja 2014. Pregledali smo veljavne zakonske in podzakonske pravne akte. Na osnovi ugotovljenih pomanjkljivosti in opredeljenih dejavnikov tveganja smo pripravili priporočila za obvladova-nje in preprečevanje prekomerne vlažnosti stavb. Izpostavljenost prekomerni vlažnosti stavb ima dokazan negativen vpliv na zdravje uporabnikov, predvsem bolezni dihal, predstavlja pa tudi veliko finančno breme. Med najbolj občutljive skupine ljudi prištevamo otroke. Najpomembnejša dejavnika tveganja z vplivom na zdravje sta povečana relativna vlažnost notranjega zraka in prekomerna vlažnost konstrukcijskih sklopov, ki vplivata na rast plesni na notranji površini konstrukcijskih sklopov. Rast plesni zaznamo vizualno v obliki madežev na stenah in z vonjem po plesni. Najpogosteje je prekomerna vlažnost stavb posledica številnih vzrokov, kot so neustrezno prezračevanje, nepravilna zasnova ovoja stavbe, napake na konstrukcijskih skopih in sistemih, neustrezna ali pomanjkljivo izvedena hidro-izolacija % zaščite pred vlago in vodo, poškodbe vodovodne ali druge napeljave, poplave ter tudi neprimerne bivalne navade in razporeditev opreme. Za celovito preprečevanje in obvladovanje problematike sta opredelitev dejavnikov tveganja, ki vplivajo na pojav preko-merne vlažnosti stavb, in njihov medsebojni vpliv ključnega pomena. Priporočila za celovito preprečevanje in obvladovanje problematike prekomerne vlažnosti stavb vključujejo ukrepe na ravni zakonodaje, značilnosti lokacije, zasnove stavb in njenih sistemov ter ukrepe na ravni uporabnika. Razumevanje problematike in izdelana priporočila imajo veliko uporabno vrednost, veljajo tako za novogradnje kot tudi za prenove stavb.A procedure for failure analysis of reinforced concrete planar beams and frames is presented. It is based on a modified Timoshenko beam finite element. Chosen material models take into account main phenomena of inelastic response of a reinforced concrete frame member: concrete damage by cracking in tension and crushing in compression, and longitudinal steel yielding and failure. Material data needed for the analysis can be obtained either by standardized tests on concrete and steel or from the Eurocodes and other relevant publications. The results of computed examples are presented. They illustrate very satisfying performance of the derived procedure that turned out to be robust and able to nicely describe material failure process in reinforced concrete frames and beams at large load levels.Building dampness (i.e. damp constructional complexes and/or excessive humidity of indoor air) presents one of the most important physical health risk factors. Studies estimate that from 18 % EU to 50 % US buildings have dampness related problems. The purpose of this study is to examine the dampness related problems from the building and public health perspective. Recommendations for control and prevention against dampness were prepared on the basis of the identified risk factors, their mutual interactions and adverse health effects. A systematic literature review was carried out in two bibliographic databases, Science Direct and PubMed Central, in the period from 2003 to May 2014. Legislative documents were also included in literature search. On the basis of the detected problems and identified risk factors with their interactions, recommendations were prepared. The results of the systematic review revealed that building dampness has adverse health effect, especially on respiratory system, and represents a significant financial burden. Among the most vulnerable groups of people are children. The most important risk factors with health concerns are increased indoor air humidity and damp construction complexes that often result in mold growth. Mold growth is detected in the form of mold odor or water stains. The building dampness most frequently results from inadequate ventilation, improper design of building envelope and system, inadequate damp proof membrane, damages on plumbing system, floods, occupants' habits and furniture position. The definition of risk factors and their interactions are crucial for a comprehensive prevention and control against building dampness. Recommendations for comprehensive prevention and control include measures on the level of legislation, measures at the stage of building and system design, as well as raising the awareness of building occupants. Understanding dampness related problems from building's and user's perspective with implemented recommendations has important advantages for new and renovated buildings.
Keywords		prekomerna vlažnost stavba grajeno okolje dejavniki tveganja zdravje priporočila dampness building risk factors health recommendations