Avtor/Urednik		Jeras, Matjaž
Naslov		Zmanjšana specifična celična imunska odzivnost - vzroki in posledice
Prevedeni naslov		Deficiences of the specific cell-mediated immune response - the causes and the consequences
Tip		članek
Vir		Med Razgl
Vol. in št.		Letnik 39, št. Suppl 4
Leto izdaje		2000
Obseg		str. 39-46
Jezik		slo
Abstrakt		Normal functioning of the human immune system depends on numerous factors shaping its homeostasis. A complex trait of cellular, cytokine, hormonal and neurotransmitter path-ways - physiological networks, together with environmental factors, decisively influence its performance. Because of its extremely complex regulation, the immune system is quite vulnerable and very often prone to different kinds of dysfunctions and disorders that can be categorised as immune deficiencies. Cell-mediated immunity, regulated and performed by different subtypes of helper T cells, represents the central part of immune response. The T cell functions can be impaired because of inherited or acquired deficiencies. Recessive gene defects can affect key factors of immune response, such as: development and maturation of T and B lymphocytes, a normal function of phagocyte as well as natural killer cells (NK) and certain factors of the complement system. The most frequent causes of acquired immune deficiencies nowadays are malnutrition, HIV infection as well as other acute and chronic viral, bacterial and fungal infections, long term consumption of certain, especially immunosuppressive drugs, some iatrogenically induced states and excessive exposure to sources of irradiation. The consequences of deficient immune system are quite severe, very often lethal and are reflected in an inefficient defence even against latent infectious agents as well as rapid onset of different forms of cancers. Through the studying, understanding and treating of immune deficiencies valuable knowledge about the roles of individual cell subtypes in immune response is being accumulated.
Izvleček		Nemoteno delovanje imunskega sistema pri človeku je odvisno od številnih dejavnikov, ki oblikujejo njegovo homeostazo. Prepletenost celičnih, citokinskih, hormonskih in nevrotransmiterskih poti oziroma fizioloških mrež, skupaj z zunanjimi vplivi okolja, v katerem živimo, odločilno vplivajo na njegovo funkcionalno neokrnjenost. Ravno zaradi zapletenosti njegovega uravnavanja je precej ranljiv in zato v njem pogosto opažamo različne vrste funkcionalnih okvar in motenj, ki jih lahko opredelimo kot imunske pomanjkljivosti. Osrednji del imunskega odziva predstavlja specifična celična imunost, ki jo zagotavljajo različne podvrste celic T pomagalk. Njihovo delovanje je lahko prizadeto zaradi dednih oziroma prirojenih ali pa pridobljenih pomanjkljivosti. Okvarjeni recesivni geni lahko prizadanejo ključne dejavnike imunskega odziva: razvoj in dozorevanje limfocitov T in B, delovanje fagocitnih in naravnih celic ubijalk ter posamezne sestavine komplementnega sistema. Danes so v svetu najpogostejši vzroki pridobljenih imunskih pomanjkljivosti slaba prehranjenost, okužba z virusom HIV ter akutne in kronične okužbe z različnimi drugimi virusi, bakterijami in glivami, dolgotrajno jemanje določenih zdravil, zlasti imunosupresivov, nekatera iatrogeno povzročena stanja ter prekomerna izpostavljenost virom sevanja. Posledice neustreznega delovanja imunskega sistema so običajno zelo hude, pogosto usodne in predstavljajo neustrezno obrambo celo pred latentnimi povzročitelji okužb ter hitrim razvojem najrazličnejših rakavih obolenj. S preučevanjem, razumevanjem in zdravljenjem imunskih pomanjkljivosti prihajamo do dragocenih podatkov o vlogi posameznih vrst celic v imunskem odzivu ter o poteku njihovega razvoja in diferenciacije.
Deskriptorji		IMMUNOLOGIC DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES IMMUNITY, CELLULAR ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME SEVERE COMBINED IMMUNODEFICIENCY NEOPLASMS