Author/Editor		Čižman, Milan; Seme, Katja
Title		Povzročitelji okužb zgornjih dihal in diagnostika
Translated title		Etiology and diagnostics of upper respiratory tract infections
Type		članek
Source		Krka Med Farm
Vol. and No.		Letnik 25, št. 37
Publication year		2004
Volume		str. 14-24
Language		slo
Abstract		Upper respiratory tract infections are caused most commonly by viruses (> 90%), rarely by bacteria or other microbial agents. Rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, influenza viruses, respiratary syncytial virus, parain fluenza viruses, adenoviruses, enteroviruses and human metapneumoviruses, account for most infections. Streptoccocus pyogenes is the major cause of bacterial pharyngitis. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis are the most common bacterial cause of acute otitis media and acute sinusitis. Rapid streptococcal antigen test and throat culture for beta-hemolytic streptococci are the only practical methods to determine the etiology of upper respiratory tract in fections. These tests should be used more widely to achieve more rational use of antibacterials. The most common etiological agents of upper respiratory tract infections, clinical pictures, and out-patients' diagnoses are presented. The trends of the susceptibility of common respiratory tract bacteria isolated in Slovenia are shown as well.
Summary		Okužbe zgornjih dihal povzročajo najpogosteje virusi (v več kot 90%), redkeje bakterije in drugi mikrobi. Med virusi so najpogostejši rinovirusi, koronavirusi, virusi influence, respiratorni sincicijski virus, virusi parainfluence, adenovirusi, enterovirusi in humani metapnevmovirusi. Med bakterijami so betahemolitični streptokoki skupine A najpomembnejši povzročitelji okužb v žrelu, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophylus influenzae in Moraxella catarrhalis pa akutnih okužb obnosnih votlin in akutnega vnetja srednjega ušesa. Etiološka diagnoza streptokoknih okužb v žrelu s hitrimi testi ali z osamitvijo povzročitelja v bakterijski kulturi je edina uporabna metoda za dokaz povzročitelja. To preiskavo naj bi ambulantno uporabljali pogosteje, ker bo prispevala k bolj smiselnemu predpisovanju antibiotikov. Avtorja opisujeta najpogostejše povzročitelje okužb zgornjih dihal, klinične slike in možnosti ambulantne diagnoze. Navajata tudi razvoj občutljivosti bakterij v Sloveniji.
Descriptors		RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS PHARYNGITIS DRUG RESISTANCE, MICROBIAL OTITIS MEDIA SINUSITIS SLOVENIA RHINOVIRUS CORONAVIRUS RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS INFECTIONS PARAMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS INFLUENZA ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS CHLAMYDIA PNEUMONIAE STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTIONS