Author/Editor		Stopar Pintarič, Tatjana; Cvetko, Erika; Štrbenc, Malan; Miš, Katarina; Podpečan, Ožbalt; Marš, Tomaž; Hadžić, Admir
Title		Intraneural and perineural inflammatory changes in piglets after injection of ultrasound gel, endotoxin, 0.9% NaCl, or needle insertion without injection
Type		članek
Vol. and No.		Letnik 118, št. 4
Publication year		2014
Volume		str. 869-873
ISSN		0003-2999 - Anesthesia and analgesia
Language		eng
Abstract		BACKGROUND: Ultrasound gel nerve inflammation has been reported. We evaluated the extentand nature of inflammation after gel injection with endotoxin (positive), saline, or dry needlepuncture (negative) controls after peripheral blocks in piglets. METHODS: Selected nerves of 12 piglets were localized by landmarks and nerve stimulator. Forty-eight hours after injection, specimens were examined for immunohistochemical cell differentiation/quantification and cytokine expression by using quantitative polymerase chainreaction. RESULTS: Both gel and endotoxin injections resulted in a significantly higher density of inflammatorycells (lymphocytes/granulocytes) as compared with needle insertions and/or salineinjections (both P < 0.001). Cytokines were not detected in any of the specimens. CONCLUSIONS: Perineural gel injections cause significant inflammation. The lack of cytokinessuggests injectate-related changes rather than mechanical trauma.
Keywords		ultrasound gel nerve inflammation endotoxin