Author/Editor		Jovanovski, Trajche; Umek, Nejc; Cvetko, Erika
Title		Transversus nuchae muscle fused with risorius muscle
Translated title		Músculo transverso de la nuca fusionado con músculo risorius
Type		članek
Vol. and No.		Letnik 38, št. 5
Publication year		2020
Volume		str. 1208-1211
ISSN		0717-9367 - International journal of morphology = Revista internacional de morfologia
Language		eng
Abstract		Facial muscles are known to have a variable anatomy. Such anatomical variations can affect facial expressions. A natural smile is produced by contracting several muscles of facial expression, including the muscles invested in the superficial musculoaponeurotic system. Change in the width of the mouth on smiling is a known iatrogenic complication affecting the risorius muscle when using Botulinum Neurotoxin as a non-invasive treatment for masseteric hypertrophy. Also damage to the risorius muscle, with consequent clinical deficits, is a common surgical complication in facial aesthetic, oncologic and other head and neck procedures such as parotidectomy and rhytidectomy. Hence, a thorough knowledge of muscle anatomy, particularly its potential variations, is critical in reducing the associated operative morbidity. Accordingly, we report an unusual variation of the transversus nuchal muscle fused with the risorius muscle noted in an 83-year-old female body cadaver.
Keywords		transversus nuchal muscle risorius muscle anatomical variation transversus nuhalna mišica risoriusova mišica anatomska sprememba