Author/Editor		Takač, Iztok
Title		Metode odkrivanja raka jajčnikov
Translated title		Ovarian cancer detection methods
Type		članek
Source		Med Razgl
Vol. and No.		Letnik 36, št. 4
Publication year		1997
Volume		str. 539-52
Language		slo
Abstract		Detecting early stages of ovarian cancer is a difficult task because of the absence of characteristic signs in this phase of the disease. The tumor is most frequently found on ultrasound examination. In the early phase of ovarian cancer the tumor marker CA 125 usually is not increased. Larger tumors, which are characteristic of advanced stages of the disease, can be discovered on gynaecological examination. ultrasound is an indispensable tool for determining the nature of the tumor. Further data on the malignancy are provided by computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Immunoscintigraphy reveals the accumulation of marked antibodies in the areas of the malignant growth and metastases. laparoscopy allows a direct visualisation of the abdominal cavity and the obtaining of specimens for histopathological studies. The tumor marker CA 125 is also used for the follow up of patients after surgery of chemotherapy. There are some other markers that can be used alone or in combination with other markers. The presence of malignant cells in excretions from the body cavities is determined by cytology, and the ultimate nature and spread of malignancy by laparotomy. The biological pattern of the tumor is assessed using the quantitative pathological methods, and the course of the disease by steroid hormone receptors and oncogen measurements. The nature of rare tumors is determined by immunohistochemical methods.
Summary		Odkrivanje zgodnjih oblik raka jajčnikov je težavno. Bolezen v zgodnji fazi nima značilnih znakov. Še najpogosteje jo odkrijemo z ultrazvokom. Koncentracija tumorskega označevalca CA 125 v zgodnji fazi bolezni navadno ni povišana. Klinični pregled omogoča ugotavljanje večjih tumorjev, ki so pogosto znak napredovale bolezni. Pri ugotavljanju narave tumorjev ima nepogrešljivo vlogo ultrazvok, dodatne slikovne podatke pa dobimo še z računalniško tomografijo in magnetno resonanco. Z imunoscinigrafijo prikažemo kopičenje označenih protiteles v predelu tumorjev ali zasevkov. Laparoskopija omogoča neposreden pogled v trebušno votlino in odvzem tkiv za histopatološko preiskavo. Merjenje koncentracije tumorskega označevalca CA 125 se uporablja tudi za spremljanje stanja bolnic po operaciji in kemoterapiji. Uporabno je tudi merjenje koncentracije nekaterih drugih označevalcev, ki jih uporabljamo posebej ali v kombinaciji. Prisotnost malignih celic v izlivih telesnih votlin ugotavljamo s citološkimi preiskavami, dokončno naravo in razširjenost novotvorbe pa z laparotomijo. Z metodami količinske patologije skušamo oceniti biološke značilnosti tumorjev, potek bolezni pa s pomočjo receptorjev steroidnih hormonov ter onkogenov. Za opredelitev narave redkih tumorjev uporabljamo imunohistokemične metode.
Descriptors		OVARIAN NEOPLASMS TUMOR MARKERS, BIOLOGICAL TOMOGRAPHY, X-RAY COMPUTED MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING LAPAROSCOPY IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY